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This discussion document is to be used to support learning & appreciation of a specific Edutainment Centre branded course, originally marketed on 30/11/2001. It is not for use by thrid parties & may require disambiguation.

  • What is a web site?
  • What are the ingredients of a web site?
  • How does one construct a web site?
  • How does one market a web site?

What Is A Web Site?

A Website is space on a computer where anyone who subscribes can say "This is me, this is what I do, or what I am interested in, what I know, or what I can sell you". An electronic brochure and source of information available to the whole world 24 hours a day.

Within the website, each screenful of information is called a page. Pages may contain text, or graphic images, or even photographs, sound and video. A main feature are the "links" embedded within a page that can be clicked with a computer mouse and which transport viewers to other pages. To continue with the brochure analogy, you would normally open a brochure at the front or the back and browse forwards or backwards a page at a time. With a website, the user decides the order they want to see the pages in by clicking the links that interest them. This interactivity generates a sense of ownership and participation in the user, binding them to the information much more tightly than a traditional brochure. To maximise this benefit, it really needs someone with an understanding of interactive programming to get the best out of creating the electronic pages and links that build the website.

What sort of websites are there?

There are many sorts of Websites, ranging from the single page "This is us" offering, through to mammoth Websites like the UK Open Government site which has several thousand pages full of information about legislation, taxation, grants/funding, VAT, employment, trade and industry, planning, commerce and so on. Together with links to all the government departments and agencies.
Websites may be provided by individuals (in which case they are usually called homepages), special interest groups, such as "The Association of Widget Collectors", educational establishments like universities, or science and research centres, Governments, voluntary organisations, individual retailers, banks and businesses, manufacturers and importers, news, media and financial organisations and multinational corporations. Although the size of the organisations may differ, each has the same opportunity and scope. A small business can have the same presence and create the same image as a multinational. Each chooses the style and content of its own pages.

What is a Web Page?

A web page is a "screenful" of information. It can be physically many times the length of an A4 sheet of paper, or only a few lines. Different lengths of page are used for different purposes and in different circumstances. When I speak of a web page in terms of design, I generally consider it to be on average, one screen wide and, typically, about half a paper A4 page or a bit longer. Pages can have coloured backgrounds, or textures, so it is possible to carry themes through a multi-page site by the use of colour. Care needs to be taken however, because not all viewers will have the latest high tech equipment capable of seeing more than 216 colours, and in some circumstances, it will be necessary to limit the number of colours to avoid confusion for users. This sort of quality experience and attention to detail is our hallmark. Pages serve different purposes. For example, on a small multi-page website, the first page is likely to be a sort of summary, contents or menu page, from which other pages may be accessed. If it is a huge site, there may be cascading layers of content pages or an "image map" of the site on each of the pages, to make navigation around the site easier. A popular vogue at the moment is a coloured panel on the left or top of the screen to locate the sitemap and navigational controls, as on this page. Some pages will be mostly information, and therefore biased toward text. Others will be a mixture of text and photographs or computer graphics, perhaps even animated, and some pages could be mostly images. Usually, pages would have "banner" perhaps incorporating the logo of the organisation at, or toward, the top of the page, and contact details at the foot.

Page Furniture

Page furniture can improve the layout of your web pages. Decorative features such as bullet points or attractive section divider lines may be used as appropriate for emphasis, or to make it easy for viewers to find what they want. Most website pages have interactive links that allow users to move from page to page (and even from site to site if you wish) without wasting time having to go through multiple layers of menus like teletext. Where required, a response form can be provided a one page. This is useful where you want to collect information from your visitors in a standard format.

Why Do I Need A Website

There are lots of reasons why you should at least consider having a website. Mostly they provide a more cost-effective way of communicating, and widen your horizons to a global community

  • To Use Email
Most people get connected to be able to send and receive Email. With email you can send an electronic note or letter to someone at 9.00 am and get a reply by 9.30 the same day. Sending an email takes only seconds. You can send the same email letter to say, 100 customers, for less than the cost of one ordinary letter, and if you send it at after 6 p.m. or at weekends, that one letter will cost no more than 5p (with BT). Daytime rates for email are the same as a minimum rate local phone call, but you can send to hundreds of addresses for the same cost as the one. The cost is no different if you want to send an email to Australia, America, Amsterdam or Accrington. It costs next to nothing. Not only that, but you can send software programmes, sound files, photographs and even video files with the email at the same speed.


  • To Generate Awareness

The next most important reason is probably that a website of your own will promote your organisation 24 hours every day, seven days each week, and to the whole world. Nothing else offers this flexibility. If your business relies on the acquisition or distribution of information, you can't afford not to be online. Your customers can have a current parts list or delivery schedule or price list for your goods or services at any time, just by looking up the relevant page on your website. Just imagine, one price list alteration and the whole world can see it, instantly. No reprinting and distribution of expensive catalogues.
  • To Do Business Online

Direct sales over the web are also possible via credit card purchases. Alternatively, one of your website pages can be structured as an order form for the customer to print out at home and send back with a cheque or their credit card number added. It is possible to establish real-time sales via credit card purchases. In the UK people are still nervous about the web and credit cards. That will change in time. The sort of things that sell well over the Internet are (obviously) computer related products, together with information such as books and music. Other markets are in development stages, with groceries, wine and flowers by mail order being amongst the first to show. In the service sector, travel agents, insurance, financial advice, solicitors, consultants, engineers, travel and holiday agencies, recruitment and training, and brokerage and agency work of all kinds, are the front runners.
  • To Improve Communication

Some of the larger businesses use a website to keep employees such as sales representatives around the country, or even around the world in touch with head office. As teleworking grows, this is likely to become increasingly important
  • To Receive Information

You might also want to get connected so that you can receive information from the Internet. Using a Web browser programme, finding new suppliers, comparing prices, and getting product specifications are all quite easy. You can even plan your train journeys from an interactive Railtrack website that asks you to type where you are gong from and to, and what time you want to leave or arrive. It then provides a list of train times and connections for the journey that you can print and take with you. It is as up to date as today.
  • To Improve Competitive Advantage

One of the reasons that small businesses go online is that a well designed website for even a one man business can have just the same presence on the web as a multi-national corporation. Communication, marketing and printing costs are lower too, as is the cost of using full colour. Larger businesses see it as a way to reinforce not only their brand (which is becoming increasingly important), but also as a way to reinforce an image of leadership and potential. All businesses see it as the key to keeping ahead of the competition. There are other reasons too, the web is for you, and it is the future. It will change society; it will change our entertainment, and the way I do business. It will also reshape our town centres as financial organisations, brokers, agencies and other businesses first merge, then abandon their overhead-laden town centre shops, and opt for access to a bigger market with lower overheads direct and live on-line.
  • Getting Your Own Website

  • You already passed first base - you have become aware of the need. Perhaps you saw the www. names and the @ email addresses and wondered what they are all about, or you have been speaking with colleagues or competitors who have Websites, or read an article about how the web is going to change both society and business. Either way, you want to find out more about getting your business or organisation on the Internet.

  • Forming Initial Ideas

One of the first issues you will need to consider, is what you want to achieve with your website, and whether you want to be able to sell directly from your web page and take money in real-time. A website design checklist will raise a number of issues that you will want to consider, like what you want the website to do for you, how big you expect it to be, and so on. You will probably want to talk to your friends or colleagues about it. Having assembled your initial thoughts, and committed them to paper, it is worth getting independent third party advice to check the details with you. When considering these ideas it is worth noting that I have found from experience that a successful website follows an organic growth cycle with defined stages:

  1. It often begins as a promotional site, providing information about the organisation
  2. Then it becomes a focus for visitors and brings enquiries about products and services.
  3. The site develops to provide some more detailed information about products and services
  4. It develops a section that advertises products and services
  5. This leads to email enquiries and orders, with goods and services paid for by traditional methods.
  6. The pressure slowly builds for online ordering. The most advanced of the UK sites have crossed his barrier and have introduced online real-time sales, and more are partway along the path.

Checking The Details

When checking the details such as the number of pages, how they link to each other, the purpose, and so on. It is important that you understand what you want from your site, and decide some of the more technical matters. These include checking what domain names are available (if you want your own); the initial site layout; who is going to host the pages for you, and what the best file structure will be for the future.

The Draft Project Agreement

At the end of this process you will be able to prepare a written project plan setting out all the points that have been set upon, this will also illustrate to you what sort of assets you will need and what further resources you will require. Registering Your Domain Name

The next stages are:
    1. To register your domain name. (if required)
    2. To sign up with your web site host. Your host to must be able to handle your needs such as supply you with cgi-bin files, scripts and server settings suitable for your needs.

Promoting Your Website

You will need to prepare a short paragraph (about 20 words) as a summary of your site. This will be used as the description that appears under the site name when search engines display your site name the link to your page, and your URL. Also you will need to prepare some keywords that I will embed in the code for the page (unseen by your viewers), but which will be used by robots and spiders that search the web, indexing and cataloguing web pages for the search engines.
Then register your site with all the main search engines such as Lycos, Google, Alta Vista, Web Crawler, Yahoo, and so on to publicise it. If you have any special search engines in mind, I can usually register with them as well. It usually takes between a day and several weeks for your site to be indexed and available to the world, depending on the facilities offered by each search engine.
If you have a trade association, or you are affiliated to another organisation with a website, then a reciprocal link to your site from theirs would be a good move. If you plan a site launch, plan your press releases and media notification.

Website Design Checklist

It asks about the purpose of your website, and about your intended audience. It rehearses some of the options, seeks your initial thoughts on what you might like, and asks you to provide some supporting material like letterheads, logos, advertising styles and so on. As you answer the questions in the checklist, a picture of your needs begins to build.Your answers, together with the supporting information, allow you to assess your needs, and make some preliminary judgements about your preferences and the probable needs and resources required, it should also be linked to a timescale that you have for implementation and a strategic plan for achieving you goals. A design checklist should always be used in association with you business plan. You may also find that just by answering the questions, you stimulate some new ideas amongst colleagues. Most clients find the process helps to crystallise their thoughts.
Remember at this stage, nothing is fixed.
Electronic Commerce (E-commerce)

E-commerce is the broad term used for merchandising goods and services whether wholesale or retail over the Internet. It can mean either order taking or transaction processing, but some people use it only when they mean both. It is likely to be the explosive growth area, and those who have promotional Websites established will be well placed to take advantage of it when the boom starts. At the present time, the main growth in e-commerce has been in the USA, partly because they are the world leaders, and partly because they have a better secure payment system over the Internet than I have in the UK. Development here is advancing, with the major credit card companies leading the way. However security remains an issue of concern for most users.


Online Product Presentation

You can quite easily have a straightforward web page made up to show an image and describe your product, together with its colour/size/weight or whatever options. You can easily move from this position to taking orders via a form or email. You must remember however, that as the web is a 24 hour 7 day service, some potential customers will just be getting up as you are closing your offices for the night. Generally, this is not a problem, unless the order is urgent, but it does beg the question as to whether you are ready to meet the challenge and logistics of delivery and taxes/export arrangements to another country, or whether you want to restrict acceptance of orders to the UK.
You can go one stage further and make the ordering an online experience. Instead of having a web page with the product described, you have a templated "store" page where the layout of your products, together with a shopping basket (or cart if it is of American origin) allows customers to browse through your product range with a familiar interface and click buttons to add items to their purchase list. These facilities (for smaller businesses) generally require the purchase of an off the shelf software programme such as Shop@ssist or Actinic Catalogue and some programming to incorporate the product range into the software, and the whole into the website.
Generally speaking, the main thing influencing cost is the number of unique items that need to be catalogued, offered for sale, and transacted. The more product options you need, the more robust the software must be, and the more costly the operation is to establish.
For example, offering shirts for sale might seem, at first sight, quite a simple operation. Say you have five makers as your source, and each shirt is available in three styles, and one of six collar sizes and seven colours. That makes 630 options to cater for, (before you consider long and short sleeves, collar styles and so on).

For larger businesses, with hundreds of product options, the software may well need to be tailored in a much more bespoke manner, not only to include product details, but also to source information from existing product databases, encompass pricing structures for different clients and so on.

Security and Data Integrity

Having received an order, payment has to be organised. A number of approaches are available. The simplest solution is to have the payment made in the traditional way, either by cheque or (if you already have merchant status and a payment processor) by credit card. If you plan to establish a business trading in e-commerce and want to acquire merchant status from a payment processor without being able to show your previous track record, you will need to be prepared for a pretty thorough working through of your business plan with the payment processor.
Taking credit card payments online is more involved. It involves many participants - the card issuer, the cardholder, the cardholder's bank, the Internet Service Provider, the merchant and the merchant's bank. All have to be satisfied that the order is genuine, and that payment is possible and will be made. In addition, no one else should be able to see the transaction take place.
If you have no trading history with what are termed 'Customer Not Present' transactions such as those on the internet, you may find you are unable to acquire Merchant Status from a payment processor. In this case, your only real option is to use a respected sub-processor such as 'Netbanx' or "Worldpay" who will effectively use their merchant status to complete your transaction. With such services, the cost per transaction is usually a bit higher. You are; however, sure of their security and sometimes it is the only way to acquire merchant status enabling credit cards to be accepted.
Ordinary communication on the web is not "secure". This means that anyone who is sufficiently determined and has the right equipment can intercept and copy, say an email message, as it moves along the information superhighway. Hardly anybody does, and apart form Governments interested in National Security, it is difficult to see why anyone would want to. It is analogous to someone using a radio scanner to listen in to mobile phone or short wave radio communications. However, most people think this is too risky a process to provide details about their credit card numbers. (Never mind the fact that they cheerfully use them over a mobile phone to book tickets!)
The web browsers that most people use have a built in level of protection available. Without getting too much into the technicalities, they use a code to encrypt the messages you send, so the intercepted message is gobbledegook to anyone else. The most basic of these uses something called 40 bit encryption. This is a medium level of encryption. It has to be sent via a web server (provided by your ISP) that has the same 40 bit level of encryption available (called SSL - Secure Sockets Layer). It also relies on the person at the other end being the one with the key to decode the message. However, a very determined hacker, with access to a lot of high powered computer time could, in time, crack the encryption and decode the message.
The next level up is something called 128 bit encryption. This is acknowledged as almost impossible to crack. So much so, that some governments have banned its use within or across their National boundaries. Where it can be used, it is very secure. However it requires your ISP to host your site on a SSL server with compatibility to the 128 bit system (otherwise it defaults to the 40 bit level). These are available but, as you might have guessed, the cost is mounting.
The next generation of security is likely to be provided by the so-called smart cards. The issue of EMV (Europay-MasterCard-Visa) is likely to be the key to implementing payments by cards in the future.
In addition, payments for small amounts (say 50p to £5) are another matter altogether. The big payment processors are not really interested in small sums like these via a credit card, and there is a race on at the moment to devise a system of payments (called collectively "micropayments") that will become the universal arrangement. Market leaders at present are alliances of groups looking to use charging of micropayments to your phone bill. Another group are looking at using the pre-paid mobile phone cards as an internet currency. Yet another company plans to issue a similar style of card, but only for use on the internet. Finally, another group are looking to use tokens. The leading one here at the moment is "Beenz". This currently works on the "Green Shield Stamps" principle, but when a critical mass has been achieved, the plan is to convert it into an international e-currency that you buy locally in your "own" currency.

Stock Control and Accounting

This only tends to be an issue for larger businesses with many product lines, where separated orders and payments cause administrative headaches. If you have an existing computerised stock control and accounting/ordering system, you may well need to integrate them into the web sales process, so customers can see whether the item they want to order is in stock, and your ordering and accounting arrangements are maintained in real time as well. This sort of work is outside standard Web design, and may well require the assistance of a specialist database programmer to integrate with your website or to design one that is compatible with the sales option you have decided upon.
Typically the e-commerce bolt on might cost a thousand pounds to establish, and is likely to have ongoing costs as well. For example, Cable & Wireless were offering secure services for small to medium sized businesses on a subscription basis with a £1,000 set-up, and £1,000 per year, plus 5% of each transaction. These charges include fees for payment and order processing, but not web hosting or your merchant agreement which are extra.

Delivery and Logistics

If you already have a mail order operation you will be quite well placed to expand into a wider market. You may well have an existing relationship with carriers, and be used to establishing delivery times, charges, charge zones and so on.
Moving to a global market will bring more opportunity, but also more problems, like calculating sales taxes and delivery charges on a worldwide basis. Also, handling returned goods becomes a bit trickier, as does quoting prices in multiple currencies that can change quite regularly.
Will you have an automatic link to a calculation that revalues each currency in real time, or simply input that data yourself, and if so, how often will it change, daily? weekly? hourly?
If you plan to be able to deliver on a world-wide basis, you will also need to develop your relationship with your delivery agency, and possibly link your order processing to an electronic order tracking system operated by your carrier. You may also need to get to know your customs offices in a bit more detail.

Post Sales Support

Thought will need to be given to support service availability on a worldwide time zone (Australia for example) and how you will deal with cultural differences in some instances.
You also need to begin to think about building "electronic" relationships with your customers as individuals. Without doubt this is the future of e-commerce. Those that succeed will provide their customers with "warm glows" in the transaction and post sales periods. This means lots of email contact that will help to reassure customers that the vendor is "real", possibly providing a periodic email newsletter that they can subscribe to, and dealing very promptly with their email enquiries, certainly providing a response within 24 hours. The purpose here is to tie customer loyalty to point at which they consider you their friend, to build your company as their brand preference, because they will have the ability to exercise that preference on a world-wide basis.

Conclusions

This outline of some of the issues around e-commerce should have helped clients to decide how to approach the subject. It is complex, and raises many questions for client businesses to address.
E-commerce sites should develop organically and with a strategy, building on strong foundations because there are so many options and variables.

  • What's In It For Me?

A Website of your own lifts your horizons. The limit is your imagination

  • Savings In Costs

You will undoubtedly find savings in costs and convenience over traditional methods, especially in communications:
  • Email: Cheaper than a letter. Cheaper than a fax. Often cheaper than a phone call. Save costs and send information worldwide to 100 people simultaneously for less than the cost of just one stamp.
  • Promotion: A global window on your organisation, your products and your services at remarkably low cost, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
  • Effectiveness: Update your catalogue or price list once on your website, and ALL your customers or sales force have access to the new information. Instantly. Reduce expensive mailings of catalogues, technical specifications and price lists. Why not have your customers got the information they need? At worst it only costs them a local phone call.
  • Convenience:Send and receive messages without leaving your desk. Get replies in minutes. No more "engaged" tones, or "Sorry they're out" stories. Make it easy and immediate for customers to request information. Send an order form or newsletter with each enquiry at virtually no additional cost

Promote your business or organisation 24 hours every day.
  1. Advertise to a regional, national or even international audience
  2. Reinforce your brand.
  3. Get your name out there.
  4. Project your values.
  5. Build customer loyalty.
  6. Build relationships with customers as individual web users.

Support Your Existing Clients
  1. Strengthen customer loyalty by interactive communication.
  2. Generate additional business opportunities online.
  3. Project a pro-active, customer orientated image.
  4. Make technical product information and user product experiences marketing tools.
  5. Disseminate your product news or your achievements worldwide, instantly.

Expand Your Customer Base
  1. 56% of companies with online access use it to obtain information about companies and products.
  2. 47% use it for research.
  3. Enable new customers to find you simply by typing your name or product into a search engine.
  4. Provide a "Frequently Asked Questions" section to support new customers

Reach New Markets
  1. Find previously unreachable markets.
  2. 20% of UK companies report increased enquiries and publicity from outside their traditional geographic markets via the web.
  3. You can conduct business on-line, take orders, and receive payments.
  4. You can even deliver digitised information like typing, artwork, music and video over the phone line.
  5. Do away with the delay. Get the orders from website visitors

Access Up-to-date World-wide Information
  1. Source new suppliers yourself.
  2. See their product specifications and costs at your leisure.
  3. See what your competitors are doing.
  4. Research their latest news, their newest products.
  5. Survey the needs of your customers as individuals.
  6. In short, your web connection can help to stay ahead of the competition

Improve Internal Communication
  1. You can improve the internal communications of large organisations via the Web.
  2. You can create non-public sections of information, so where better than your Website to store information for use by your staff, your dispersed sales force, or by management, and even shareholders.
  3. Could you benefit and build employee unity from a centralised, readily accessible source of information available to all your staff on policies; procedures; news; internal career opportunities; training promotions, and so on.

Improve Your Image
  1. Above all, you will be seen as an up to date, technology aware and organised.
  2. A Website will help to reinforce an image of your organisation as a leader in its field. Failing to do so simply reinforces the idea of a firm lacking in potential.
  3. Your Website says more about you (and to more people) than a boatload of glossy brochures.



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Adobe Portable Document Format websitedesignschematic.pdf (Adobe Portable Document Format - 238k)
posted by edutainment   Feb 7 2008, 7:33 AM EST
Website construction schematic